November 9, 2009
Progress
Squib from Inside Higher Ed:
Many students at Northwestern University are upset over the blackface Halloween costumes of some white students, NBC Chicago reported. Morton O. Schapiro, Northwestern's president, sent an e-mail to students saying: “While I fully support the principles of free expression, at the same time I am deeply disappointed to see any example of insensitivity that demeans a segment of our community." A forum on the incident Thursday night attracted many students. The Daily Northwestern ran a live blog on the forum, attracting many comments. Northwestern is far from the first campus at which blackface or racially stereotyped Halloween costumes have created racial tensions.
Notice what's not here: no mention of disciplining the offending students. It used to be that the annual Halloween blackface episodes on campus--and they are annual occurrences--led to formal "investigations," which led to everything from harassment charges to mandatory sensitivity training to forced public apologies to threats of suspension and expulsion. I've blogged about a number of such cases on this site since I launched it in 2002. But FIRE and others have made the point: while dressing up in blackface for Halloween might be stupid, callow, and insensitive, it's not against the law, and it's certainly something that it falls within one's expressive rights to do.
The proper response to offensive speech is not censorship and punishment, but, as FIRE has said many times, "more and better speech." That's what Northwestern is doing. The president is drawing a distinction between the content of the expression--which he deplores--and the students' right to express. The forum and blog, likewise, lets people who care (and many don't, and that's their right, too) have their say, and talk things out. It's voluntary and self-selecting. It's open, transparent, and within the parameters of what our campuses ought to be doing--creating opportunities for vigorous debate, no matter where it might lead.
Sometimes it seems like the situation with speech on campus is just endlessly sad and stalled. And that has a lot to do with administrators who don't adapt, and who continue to make the same old censorious mistakes, even though that is so 1998. It's good to see little stories like this. They say a lot.
Aside: On a recent episode of America's Next Top Model (yes, I confess that it is a guilty pleasure), Tyra Banks dressed up the mostly white contestants in variations of ethnic dress. Every white girl in the competition was in blackface, as was the one Asian girl. They looked beautiful and exotic--which was the idea. But it made me wonder--for people who get upset about "blackface" incidents on campus, what would something like this mean? At Northwestern, the present fracas was set off by two Halloween costumes -- one student dressed as Bob Marley, and another as a black tennis player, presumably a Williams sister. What, if anything, differentiates the kind of expression involved in a Halloween costume worn on a politically correct campus and a make-up job worn for a high fashion photo shoot? Anything? Nothing? How important is context? Does it matter that the costumes could be associated with mockery--while the photo shoot was about creating layers of exoticism that added up to beauty? Does it matter that Banks is black--and that she was the photographer on the shoot? Where are the lines? Where are the differences? What matters and what doesn't?
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Comments:
Banks is black. That context is necessary and sufficient. I think that's just a sublter form of racism, but that's how it works these days.
Blackface is a form of racial caricature. It was, from the start, a complex artistic form, as W. Lhamon, its best scholar, has shown again and again (and again in Harvard's excellent *New Literary History of America*). However, as Jim Crow laws set in across the States, the Jim Crow character grew less and less complex, more and more a racist tool.
So first we have to distinguish between blackface as racial and racist caricature, and a real engagement with black characters (for example, Orson Wells' Othello performance). I have no problem with anyone taking on a black persona for Halloween, provided the persona is not a racist caricature.
I don't think that Banks' blackness changes anything.
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